• FINDS AFGHANISTAN HAZARAS PESHAWAR Khalq."
support).
Soviet Inion -and them. influence'.
INDIA pronounced tendency towards opportunism. The new regime includes three former close associates of Taraki: Watanjar, Mazdurjar and Qlabzoi all army officers and treer top cadie of t ley are hardly likely to undergo südden conversion to the politics of Parcham. The Soviet Union has placed in power a team which it hopes will benefit from past popularity (both Karmal and Watanjar enjoyed genuine But the prospects for a return te the 'old days' — a stable bourgeois government friendly to the appear remote. With units of the once-solid Khalq army fighting soldiers from the 'Great Socialist Brother Nation', with a confused powerless PDPA membership, possibility of this government winning the trust of the Afghani people seems out of the question.
What will become of the gains that were mad in the April "78 revolution'? The five-year plan the campaign against illiteracy, the institution of women's rights and even the limited land reform programme are gains that should be defended That's why the favourite brick-bat Western press - 'Russia's Vietnam' — is so fa currently camp after the as th genic bacteria, 'malignant Rudimentary 'thaw', Kennan frontiers.' and inspired minorities', by fare eyell Second World War.
the led the right-wing impending and his previously presentation of the Ikwamis reactionary valuable circumstances where the exercise vy 'freedom' the pressure in prepared it endorsed Inat 1s a leave detente as dead as the 1970s. The only argument is not whether the world has returned to the cold war but whether we are on the road to Certainly the image Western propaganda is putting over is comparable message that was being broadcast from the same Second War:
But was this true after 1945? Someone who name o Until 1946 nenlal Kennan made speeches describing communism parasite', outbreak explaining how the US had to cleanse the world of this terrible disease.
But 20 years later, in the period of cold war acknowledge the truth concerning the image he had helped to create of the Soviet Union bent on conquering the world. In a speech in 1965 he said:
*It was perfectly clear to anyone with even a rudimentary knowledge of the Russia of that day that the Soviet leaders had no intention attempting to advance their cause by launching attacks with their own armed forces acros The real 'threat' according to Kennan was, "conspiratorial action of the Communist-trained who hoped to seize, 'dictatorial powers in their respective national orbits". What Kennan meant by this is illustrated precipitatel declaration of cold war — the civil war being fought in Greece in which America intervened in 1947. The background to this conflict provides further evidence of how limited a threat to the capitalist order the Soviet Union posed after the Greece had figured in the Yalta talks of 1944 when the allies had divided up parts of the world into spheres of influence. Although Communists anti-Nazi resistance in Greece Stalin agreed that Britain should have a free hand there. By Churchill's owi account, 'Stalin. adhered strictly and faithfully to our agreement'.
But despite Stalin's attitude the British-backen posing vis a goery end it was this failure government had difficulty which brought American intervention. President Truman asked the US Congress to Greek government 400 million dollars worth of military aid and accompanying his call came hi "Truman doctrine', which gave the ideological gloss for the cold war. This pledged US support for any country of free peoples' who 'are resisting attempted subjection by armed minorities or by outside pressures'.
This general principle applied only in those 'subjection' was being the lett. thus in the name US supplied its own 'outside Greece and as thi was the French bombing of Haiphong in 1946 in which, in a single afternoon, revelution from within.
General: Eisenhower to the putting down of any such revolt.
Imaginery Again the imaginary. In of the Truman doctrine.
Marshall Aid, and 'The critic thought the objective of nation from falling Assistance Financial from the United States, of fascism subterfuge meant by 'changes' called 'political McCarthy "purges' McCarthyism could only Intervention planned attacks, it launched them. 19503 Western communist strategy government still in power.
CIA-organised assassinations more recent events in Angola, Iran countries show world has had in i order where it likes being out his 'doctrine' of cor the greatest threat to bamanity.
In other words what lay behind the cold war was not Soviet expansionism but the fear of This fear of revolution was the dominant characteristic in the attitudes of the capitalist world as the Second World War drew to its close. In January 1945 the US military beadquarters of issued a directive on internal security' which alerted troops in France to the dangers of 'internal disorder and strife' due to 'economic and political factors'. The directive went on to outline procedures for the issue of a Soviet threat WAS post-war France, on Stalin's instruction, the Communist Party sat as junior partners in conservative, clericalist governments, until they were forced out after the presentation Accompanying the cold war rhetoric came Marshall Aid, the declared aim of which was to create "political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist'. Millions of dollars were ploughed into Western Europe in an attempt to buy off the threat of revolution. Investment in the cheap labour market was also good economic sense for US business, but the essential aim of later 'foreign sid', PAS • political. Desmond Fitzgerald, a leading light of the post-war CIA, explained foreign aid this way:
was to get economic growth, and this wasn't the objective at all, The objective may have been to buy a lease or get a favourable vote in the UN, or to keep a apart or to keep country from giving the Russians airbase righits.' assistance wasn't confined buttressing the capitalist world's definition of "free institutions'. While fascist Spain was, for the sake of appearance, denied Marshall Aid, the US financed franco in another way by leasing military bases there. Spain has nothing to fear US President Roosevelt towards the close of the Second World War, a war fought, supposedly, to rid the world Roosevelt'ssuccessor, Truman, explained US policy by saying 'we cannot allow changes in the status quo by such methods as coercion, or bysuch as political infiltration'. What he were changes in a leftward direction but the identification of the enemy infiltration' served purpose, that of witch-hunting anyone suspected of not swallowing the cold war ideology in the US itself. The practice reached its height with the in the early 1950s. be sustained if a "foreign' threat could be posed, if socialism, radicalism, even liberalism could be portrayed as pro-Soviet, as putting 'national security' at risk.
But it was the US which posed the greatest threat to many people's security. When NATO was launched the threat of a capitalist war on the Soviet Union became a real possibility, for as George Kennan later said NATO was a 'defence' against 'an attack no one was planning • The US and its capitalist allies not only The early CLICHELO in Korea Guatemala, Iran and elsewhere. The theory was summed up by Allen Dulles, a former head of the CIA: "We cannot safely limit our response to the _of take-over solely to those cases where we are invited in by the Dulles's definition of 'communist take-over' was somewhat wide-ranging: it meant that any leftist government anywhere in the world was liable to US invasion, economic pressures, or Yet in many instances US policy met with failure. The revolutions in Caba, Vietnam and the difficulties But the Soviet invasion of Afghanista change the fact that it is that doctrine whick